Waste management is the collection, transportation, conversion and disposal of waste materials to valuable products. Following are the factors affecting solid waste management system its design, development, and operation:
Institutional Factors Social Factors Financial Factors Economic Factors Technical Factors Environmental Factors.

> Wet waste Wet waste consists of kitchen waste - including vegetable and fruit peels and pieces, tea leaves, coffee grounds, eggshells, bones and entrails, fish scales, as well as cooked food (both veg and non-veg).
> Dry Waste Paper, plastics, metal, glass, rubber, thermocol, styrofoam, fabric, leather, rexine, wood – anything that can be kept for an extended period without decomposing is classified as dry waste.
> Hazardous Waste Household hazardous waste or HHW include three sub-categories – E-waste; toxic substances such as paints, cleaning agents, solvents, insecticides and their containers, other chemicals; and biomedical waste.
> Electronic Waste (or E-waste) consists of batteries, computer parts, wires, electrical equipment of any kind, electrical and electronic toys, remotes, watches, cell phones, bulbs, tube lights and CFLs.
> Biomedical Waste This includes used menstrual cloth, sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, bandages and any material that is contaminated with blood or other body fluids.

As a category, renewable energy encompasses a broad range of energy technologies and fuels, ranging from photovoltaic solar cells to the burning of waste materials as fuel. Major sources of renewable energy – in the rough order of the amount of energy they contribute globally – include hydroelectric power, wood used for heating, cooking, and electrical generation, bioenergy produced from agricultural crops and waste, wind energy, concentrated solar power generated with mirrors and steam turbines, photovoltaic solar cells, geothermal energy, and tidal energy.

Although all of the different forms of renewable energy can be used, the most efficient forms of renewable energy are geothermal, solar, wind, hydroelectricity, and biomass. In the US in 2015, renewable energy accounted for a tenth of the total US energy consumption. Half of this was in the form of electricity. Biomass had the biggest contribution with 50%, followed by hydroelectricity at 26% and wind power at 18%.

Many types of plant- and algae-based material can be converted to useful products. Specific kinds of biomass include crop wastes, forestry residues, purpose-grown grasses, woody energy crops, algae, industrial wastes, non-recyclable municipal solid waste, urban wood waste, and food waste. Biomass is the only renewable energy source that can be used to make liquid transportation fuels—such as gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel—in the near term. It can also be used to produce valuable chemicals for manufacturing, as well as power to supply the grid.

Generally biofuels are divided into three generations:
> 1st-generation :- from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional technology.
>  2ed-generation :- from non-food crops (cellulosic biofuels & waste biomass).
>  3ed-generation :- m extracting oil of algae – sometimes referred to as “oilgae”.

It conserves energy, reduces air and water pollution, reduces greenhouse gases, and conserves natural resources.

Depending on the location, size, and other factors, the capital cost per annual ton of WTE capacity ranges from about $650/annual ton of capacity, for a recent plant in Florida, to $240/ton, for several modern plants in China [https://gwcouncil.org/].

1. The value of the electrical energy generated.
2. The gate fee (“tipping” fee) paid by municipalities using the WTE facility.
3. The value of the ferrous and non-ferrous scrap collected.
4. The value of co-generated heat that is used by adjacent industrial plants or for district heating. 5. As climate change becomes more evident (e.g. the Sandy storm of 2012), WTE plants will also benefit from carbon credits for renewable energy. For example, China already provides a $30/MWh credit to electricity generated by WTE plants. [https://gwcouncil.org/]. 

1. WTE plants conserve fossil fuels by generating electricity. One ton of MSW conversion reduces oil use by one barrel (i.e., 35 gallons) or 0.25 tons of high heating value coal.
2. WTE has much lower equivalent carbon emissions.

There are economies of scale in any construction project, and building a WTE plant is no exception. Larger plants result in lower costs per ton of MSW processed. In the U.S., most WTE facilities range from 500 to 3,000 tons per day. In the E.U., smaller plants are all operating.

Comparing with landfills that do not recover any LFG (i.e., 80% of the world’s landfills), the WTE advantage over landfilling, including GHG reduction and electricity generation is one ton CO2/ton MSW. Comparing with landfills that practice LFG recovery and thus recover 50% of LFG, reduces the WTE advantage to about 0.5 ton CO2/ton MSW.

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), also referred to as carbon capture, utilization and sequestration, is a process that captures carbon dioxide emissions from sources like coal-fired power plants, landfills, waste stream pyrolysis, petroleumrefineris, conventional biomass burning and either reuses or stores it so it will not enter the atmosphere.

Agricultural burning is the intentional use of fire for vegetation management in areas such as agricultural fields, orchards, rangelands and forests. Agricultural burning helps farmers remove crop residues left in the field after harvesting grains, such as hay and rice.

The main adverse effects of crop residue burning include the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contributes to the global warming, increased levels of particulate matter (PM) and smog that causes health hazards, loss of biodiversity of agricultural lands, and the deterioration of soil fertility.

Regardless of what is being burned (mixed municipal solid waste, plastic, outputs from “chemical recycling”), waste incineration creates and/or releases harmful chemicals and pollutants, including: Air pollutants such as particulate matter, which cause lung and heart diseases.

The main environmental components potentially affected by composting pollution are air and water. Various gases released by composting, such as NH3, CH4 and N2O, can impact air quality and are therefore studied because they all have environmental impacts and can be controlled by using some other advanced technologies (like AD, Steamhydrogasification etc.)

There are non-EPA-recognized landfill classifications that help to further categorize landfills.
Type 1 landfills:  accept MSW only.
Type 2 landfills: will accept most of the same materials as Type 1 landfills, but have different regulations. “They are usually allowed to stay running longer,” . “But they have more regulations as far as size and how the materials are sorted and tracked.”
Type 3 landfills: tend to be special use and accept only approved waste. They are more heavily regulated than Type 1 or 2 landfills.

e-waste is a growing problem with significant environmental and health implications. This growing volume of e-waste poses a number of challenges for the future, including:
1. Environmental impacts:
a. Hazardous materials.
b. Resource depletion.
c. Greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Health impacts:
a. Exposure to hazardous substances.
b. Water contamination. 
c. Air pollution.
3. Economic impacts:
a. Loss of valuable resources.
b.  Costs of improper disposal.
c. Impact on recycling infrastructure.